2,288 pages
Every realm on the map
All 2,288 states, kingdoms, empires, countries and archaeological cultures drawn in the atlas, from the first farming cultures to today, with the land each held through time.
A
- A-Group culture 3800–2900 BCE
- Abasgia 550–777
- Abbasid Caliphate 750–1257
- Abbasid Caliphate/Buyid Dynasty 947–969
- Achaean League 279–145 BCE
- Achaemenid Empire 550–331 BCE
- Adal Sultanate 1415–1546
- Adena culture 500 BCE – 100 CE
- Adiyaman chiefdom (Tagadur) 300 BCE – 190 CE
- Aetolian League 284–189 BCE
- Afghanistan since 1979
- Afsharid Iran 1734–1756
- Aghlabid Dynasty 800–910
- Ahar–Banas culture 3000–1500 BCE
- Ahi Republic 1305–1362
- Ahlatshahs (Shah-Armens) 1100–1207
- Ahmadnagar Sultanate 1492–1636
- Ahom kingdom 1228–1550
- Ahom kingdom (Assam) 1550–1826
- Đại Việt 1529–1682
- Ajuran Sultanate 1500–1695
- Akkadian Empire 2300–2154 BCE
- Aksumite Yemen 526–570
- Akwamu 1629–1730
- Al-Andalus 751–755
- Alans 414–438
- Albania 1912–1945
- Albanian Principalities 1375–1421
- Allegiance of Ayyubid Sultanate to Abbasid Caliphate 1202–1249
- Allegiance of Chagatai Khanate to Yuan Dynasty 1294–1374
- Allegiance of Delhi Sultanate to Abbasid Caliphate 1210–1259
- Allegiance of Duchy of Aquitaine to Kingdom of France 990–1138
- Allegiance of East Franks to Carolingian Empire 850–921
- Allegiance of Golden Horde to Yuan Dynasty 1294–1362
- Allegiance of Goryeo to Great Jin 1126–1235
- Allegiance of Ilkhanate to Yuan Dynasty 1294–1343
- Allegiance of Jalayirid Sultanate to Timurid Empire 1375–1394
- Allegiance of Joseon to Ming Dynasty 1395–1571
- Allegiance of Kidarites to Sasanian Empire 390–450
- Allegiance of Kingdom of Hawaï'i to British Empire 1811–1819
- Allegiance of Ostrogothic Kingdom to Eastern Roman Empire 500–554
- Allegiance of Papal States to Byzantine Empire 755–869
- Allegiance of Seleucid Empire to Roman Republic 203–189 BCE
- Allegiance of Southern Song to Great Jin 1139–1235
- Allegiance of Sultanate of Rum to Abbasid Caliphate 1202–1249
- Allegiance of Swiss Confederation to Holy Roman Empire 1326–1458
- Allegiance of Teutonic Order to Holy Roman Empire 1305–1401
- Allegiance of Ziyadid dynasty to Abbasid Caliphate 866–946
- Alliance between Byzantine Empire and Khazaria 633–869
- Alliance between Elam and Babylonia 1300–1151 BCE
- Alliance between Golden Horde and Timurid Empire 1385–1401
- Alliance between Gupta Empire and Vakataka Kingdom 324–554
- Alliance between Han Dynasty and Xiongnu 50 BCE – 105 CE
- Alliance between Northern Wei and Rouran Khaganate 402–533
- Alliance between Ostrogothic Kingdom and Visigothic Kingdom 500–554
- Alliance between Papal States and Spanish Empire 1564–1611
- Alliance between Samanid Empire and Ziyadid dynasty 886–999
- Alliance between Sasanian Empire and Byzantine Empire 633–643
- Alliance between Western Roman Empire and Visigothic Kingdom 426–475
- Alliance between White Huns and Sasanian Empire 410–489
- Almohad Caliphate 1139–1249
- Almoravid Dynasty 1056–1205
- Alodia 347–1506
- Amathus 600–312 BCE
- Ambrosian Republic 1450–1452
- American zone 1945–1949
- Ammon 1000–582 BCE
- Andronovo culture 2000–1150 BCE
- Angevin Empire 1147–1209
- Angevins 1126–1146
- Angles 387–479
- Anglo-Saxon England 441–533
- Anglo-Saxon England 441–935
- Angola since 1992
- Ankhwennefer 197–171 BCE
- Ankole (Nkore) 1500–1899
- Anti-Kuomintang Coalition 1930–1931
- Antigonid Dynasty 291–278 BCE
- Antigonid Macedonia 277–165 BCE
- Antigua and Barbuda since 1981
- Anurādhapura 377 BCE – 1017 CE
- Aq Qoyunlu 1407–1503
- Aquitaine 629–895
- Arab Federation 1958
- Arab Republic of Egypt since 1973
- Aram-Damascus 950–733 BCE
- Archbishopric of Riga 1255–1421
- Argaric culture (El Argar) 2200–1550 BCE
- Argentine Confederation 1834–1861
- Argentine Republic since 1862
- Arghun dynasty (Sindh) 1521–1550
- Armenia 1918–1919
- Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 1099–1374
- Artuqids 1102–1409
- Aruva Nadu (lower Pennai valley) 300 BCE – 190 CE
- Aruva Nadu under Chola overlordship 190–300
- Arzawa 1450–1320 BCE
- Ashanti Empire 1702–1897
- Ashikaga Shogunate 1336–1571
- Asir 1917–1923
- Assyria 1800–901 BCE
- Astrakhan Khanate 1468–1555
- Asuka Japan 540–709
- Athenian Coalition 323–257 BCE
- Atlantic megalith builders 4800–2500 BCE
- Atropatene 307–165 BCE
- Âu Lạc 256–207 BCE
- Austria-Hungary 1868–1918
- Austrian Empire 1806–1867
- Ava Kingdom 1375–1528
- Avar Khaganate 561–805
- Ay chiefdom (Podiyil and Nanjil Nadu) 300 BCE – 300 CE
- Ayutthaya Kingdom 1352–1767
- Ayyubid Sultanate 1174–1249
- Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 1918–1919
- Aztec Triple Alliance 1429–1520
B
- Ba'athist Syria 1963–1972
- Babylonia 1800–601 BCE
- Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex (Oxus civilisation) 2500–1700 BCE
- Badarian culture 4400–4000 BCE
- Baekje 347–660
- Bagratid Armenia 886–1045
- Bahawalpur 1858–1947
- Bahmani Sultanate 1352–1491
- Bahrain 1757–1845
- Bahrani Dynasty 1260–1520
- Baku Khanate 1747–1806
- Balangoda culture (Mesolithic Sri Lanka) 10,000–900 BCE
- Balasagan 638–646
- Balhae 705–925
- Bali 1687–1907
- Balinese Kingdom 1519–1686
- Bamana Empire 1713–1821
- Ban Chiang culture 2000 BCE – 200 CE
- Banate of Bosnia 1188–1384
- Bani Khalid Emirate 1670–1795
- Bantu expansion (approximate) 3000 BCE – 500 CE
- Baol 1555–1894
- Barbados since 1967
- Barghawata Conference 793–1065
- Baroda (Amreli) 1858–1947
- Baroda (Baroda division) 1858–1947
- Baroda (Kadi division) 1858–1947
- Baroda (Kodinar) 1858–1947
- Baroda (Navsari division) 1858–1947
- Baroda (Okhamandal) 1858–1947
- Baroda State (Gaekwad; Baroda district) 1818–1857
- Baroda State (Gaekwad; Kadi district) 1818–1857
- Basketmaker culture 1500 BCE – 750 CE
- Basotho Kingdom 1824–1868
- Bastar 1858–1947
- Bastar (Kakatiya kingdom) 1550–1751
- Batavian Republic 1796–1805
- Batavian Republic 1796–1810
- Bavand dynasty 1074–1349
- Bavarians 540–787
- Belgian Congo 1909–1959
- Belize since 1983
- Bell Beaker culture 2800–1800 BCE
- Berar (Hyderabad Assigned Districts) 1858–1903
- Berar Sultanate 1492–1574
- Bessarabia 1812–1813
- Beylik of Alaiye 1293–1471
- Beylik of Aydin 1305–1428
- Beylik of Dulkadir 1344–1515
- Beylik of Erzincan (Emirate of Erzincan) 1353–1410
- Beylik of Hamid 1305–1343
- Beylik of Isfendiyar 1305–1462
- Beylik of Karaman 1305–1467
- Beylik of Karasi 1305–1343
- Beylik of Lâdik (İnançoğulları) 1262–1368
- Beylik of Menteshe 1305–1414
- Beylik of Saruhan 1314–1414
- Beylik of Sinop 1305–1332
- Beylik of Tacettin 1348–1428
- Beylik of Teke 1326–1428
- Beylik of Tunis 1706–1884
- Bharatpur (Jat kingdom) 1752–1857
- Bhauma-Kara kingdom (Toshala) 736–944
- Bhopal 1858–1947
- Bidar Sultanate 1492–1618
- Bijapur Sultanate 1492–1686
- Bikaner 1858–1947
- Bikaner kingdom 1465–1563
- Bikaner State 1752–1857
- Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek (Dagö) 1228–1421
- Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek (Ösel) 1228–1421
- Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek (Wiek) 1228–1421
- Bit Adini 1000–856 BCE
- Blambangan Kingdom 1519–1743
- Blue Horde 1363–1379
- Boina Kingdom 1690–1823
- Bolivia since 1825
- Bornu Empire 1385–1894
- Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1992
- Bourbon Kingdom of France 1815–1847
- Bourbon Kingdom of France 1815–1848
- Brandenburg-Prussia 1619–1720
- Brazilian Republic 1890–1966
- Breton Kingdoms 587–824
- British Africa 1885–1960
- British Cape Colony 1796–1884
- British Colonial Empire 1706–1991
- British colonies in Africa 1961–1972
- British Crown Dependencies since 1992
- British Empire 1706–1997
- British Empire 1757–1858
- British Gold Coast 1873–1960
- British Overseas Territories since 1992
- British Raj 1859–1947
- British zone 1945–1949
- Brythonic Kingdoms 439–1284
- Brythons 439–1235
- Buganda 1500–1894
- Bundi State 1752–1857
- Bundu 1690–1858
- Bunyoro (Bunyoro-Kitara) 1500–1899
- Burgundian Kingdom 414–660
- Burgundians 154–409
- Burid dynasty (Emirate of Damascus) 1104–1154
- Burkina Faso since 1961
- Burma 1820–1989
- Buyid Dynasty 936–1055
- Byeonhan 91 BCE – 561 CE
- Byzantine Empire 633–1453
C
- Cai 750–451 BCE
- Calicut (Zamorin's kingdom) 1300–1550
- California Republic 1846
- Caliphate of Córdoba 936–1071
- Cambodia 1700–1802
- Canada since 1932
- Cao 750–451 BCE
- Cao Cao 197–219
- Cao Wei 220–264
- Capetian House of Anjou 1250–1384
- Capsian culture 9000–5400 BCE
- Caral–Supe (Norte Chico) civilization 3500–1800 BCE
- Carantania 661–749
- Carnatic Sultanate 1713–1802
- Carolingian Empire 718–723
- Carolingian Empire 718–989
- Carthage 650–145 BCE
- Catalan Company 1314–1362
- Catalonia 1640–1641
- Caucasian Albania 63 BCE – 509 CE
- Caucasian Iberia 63 BCE – 533 CE
- Caucasian Imamate 1828–1858
- Cayor 1550–1879
- Central African Republic since 1961
- Central India Agency (other states): Charkhari 1858–1947
- Central India Agency (other states): Datia, Samthar 1858–1947
- Central India Agency (other states): Dewas, Dhar, Ratlam, Jaora, Rajgarh, Sitamau, Jhabua, Alirajpur, Barwani, Sailana, Kurwai, Gwalior (Ujjain district), Gwalior (Mandsaur district) 1858–1947
- Central India Agency (other states): Orchha, Panna, Chhatarpur, Ajaigarh, Bijawar, Nagod, Maihar 1858–1947
- Central India Agency (other states): small Bundelkhand states near Baoni 1858–1947
- Centralist Mexico 1836–1847
- Ceylon 1236–1506
- Chagatai Khanate 1294–1351
- Chahamanas of Jalor 1160–1311
- Chahamanas of Naddula 1056–1197
- Chahamanas of Ranthambore 1192–1301
- Chalukya Dynasty 555–756
- Chámpa 207–1832
- Champaner (Khichi Chauhans) 1305–1483
- Chanda (Gond kingdom) 1550–1751
- Chandela Kingdom 960–1313
- Chandela Kingdom (Jhansi country) 1040–1201
- Chandra Dynasty 900–1055
- Chang-shan 206–204 BCE
- Characene 141 BCE – 222 CE
- Chauhan Dynasty 980–1194
- Chauhan Dynasty (Delhi and Hansi) 1152–1191
- Chaulukya Dynasty 947–1249
- Chavín culture 900–250 BCE
- Chen 750–451 BCE
- Chen Dynasty 557–588
- Cheng Han 306–346
- Chenla 555–717
- Chenla 555–717
- Chera kingdom (Kuda Nadu, Malabar coast) 300 BCE – 300 CE
- Chera Perumal kingdom (Mahodayapuram) 1000–1123
- Chera Perumal kingdom (Makotai) 844–1000
- Chhattisgarh feudatory states: Kanker 1858–1947
- Chhattisgarh feudatory states: Kawardha 1858–1947
- Chhattisgarh feudatory states: Nandgaon, Khairagarh 1858–1947
- Chhattisgarh feudatory states: Raigarh, Sarangarh, Sakti, Korea, Jashpur, Udaipur (Dharamjaigarh) 1858–1947
- Chiangmai 1775–1884
- Chimor 911–1187
- Chimu Empire 1188–1481
- Chindaka Nagas of Chakrakota 1023–1176
- Chinese Communists 1928–1931
- Chitral 1885–1947
- Chobanids 1344–1362
- Chola Empire 850–1259
- Chola kingdom (Chola Nadu) 300 BCE – 300 CE
- Chu 750–224 BCE
- Chudasama kingdom (Sorath) 1000–1471
- Chutia kingdom 1300–1523
- Chüzan 1314–1428
- Cimmerian Bosporus 404 BCE – 372 CE
- Circassia 1427–1864
- Cisalpine Republic 1797–1799
- Cispadane Republic 1800–1802
- Classic Veracruz Culture 555–1235
- Clovis culture 11,100–10,800 BCE
- Cochin 1858–1947
- Colchis 301–231 BCE
- Commonwealth of Australia since 1905
- Commonwealth of Dominica since 1979
- Commonwealth of England 1645–1661
- Commonwealth of Nations since 1992
- Commonwealth of The Bahamas since 1973
- Commune of the Zealots 1344–1351
- Communist Party of China 1932–1949
- Comoro sultanates 1815–1819
- Comoros since 1975
- Comtat Venaissin 1272–1790
- Confederate States of America 1861–1865
- Congo Free State 1890–1908
- Corded Ware culture 2900–2300 BCE
- Cornwall 710–946
- Corsican Republic 1757–1768
- County, later Duchy of Bar 1033–1430
- County of Ampuria 1000–1414
- County of Anjou 990–1332
- County of Aragon 830–921
- County of Armagnac 1206–1496
- County of Artois 1241–1332
- County of Auvergne 1206–1501
- County of Barcelona 898–1168
- County of Béarn 1385–1452
- County of Berga 898–1235
- County of Besalú 898–989
- County of Blôis 990–1401
- County of Boulogne 1188–1259
- County of Brabant 1260–1430
- County of Champagne 990–1284
- County of Edessa 1099–1151
- County of Flanders 990–1384
- County of Foix 1236–1555
- County of Holland 1260–1362
- County of Luxembourg 963–1259
- County of Maine 990–1481
- County of Namur 981–1421
- County of Nevers 1010–1520
- County of Oldenburg 1180–1667
- County of Osona 990–1110
- County of Pallars 875–1014
- County of Pallars Jussà 1040–1191
- County of Pallars Sobirà 1040–1201
- County of Périgord 1206–1481
- County of Poitou 1206–1249
- County of Portugal 1139–1146
- County of Provence 972–1245
- County of Rosellón 896–1176
- County of Rouergue 990–1065
- County of Savoy 1260–1539
- County of Toulouse 990–1249
- County of Touraine 1206–1491
- County of Tripoli 1111–1288
- County of Urgell 870–1808
- County of Vermandois 990–1215
- County of Vexin 990–1084
- County of Württemberg 1083–1494
- Cretan State 1898–1907
- Crimean Khanate 1441–1782
- Crown of Aragon 1169–1515
- Crown of Castile 1236–1515
- Cuba since 1960
- Cuban Communists 1958–1959
- Cuban Nationalists 1895–1899
- Cucuteni–Trypillia culture 5050–2950 BCE
- Cuman-Kipchak Confederation 1056–1065
- Cundinamarca 1814
- Cutch 1858–1947
- Cutch (Kingdom of Kutch) 1550–1857
- Cuzco 1294–1439
- Cyprus Condominium 692–959
- Cyrenaica 331–92 BCE
- Czech Republic since 1993
- Czechoslovakia 1919–1992
D
- Dabuyid Dynasty 644–756
- Dacia 43 BCE – 106 CE
- Dacia under Burebista 82–44 BCE
- Dai 208–204 BCE
- Dál Riata 540–899
- Danelaw 878–959
- Danish Gold Coast 1659–1850
- Danish India 1757–1808
- Danish Magnates 1333–1351
- Danishmendids 1094–1187
- Dapenkeng culture 3500–2500 BCE
- Dauphiné 1260–1351
- Dawenkou culture 4300–2600 BCE
- Dayuan 110 BCE – 50 CE
- Deccan states: Akalkot 1858–1947
- Deccan states: Bhor 1858–1947
- Deccan states: Phaltan 1858–1947
- Deccan states: Sangli, Miraj, Jamkhandi, Mudhol, Ramdurg, Jath 1858–1947
- Deccan states: Savantvadi 1858–1947
- Deccan states: small tract near Kurundvad 1858–1947
- Deccan states: small tract south of Kolhapur 1858–1947
- Deheubarth 920–1093
- Deheubarth (the Lord Rhys) 1155–1197
- Delhi Sultanate 1210–1528
- Demak Sultanate 1475–1551
- Democratic People's Republic of Korea since 1948
- Democratic Republic of the Congo since 1960
- Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1956–1975
- Dendi Kingdom 1609–1898
- Denkyira 1620–1701
- Denmark since 1815
- Denmark-England 1040–1045
- Denmark-Norway 1526–1814
- Deogarh (Gond kingdom) 1590–1742
- Derbent Khanate 1747–1758
- Despotate of Arta 1375–1421
- Despotate of Dobruja 1363–1394
- Despotate of Epirus 1206–1481
- Despotate of the Morea 1454–1460
- Despotate of Vidin 1363–1401
- Dilmun 3000–538 BCE
- Dimasa (Kachari) kingdom 1250–1832
- Domain of Rhodes 1206–1249
- Dominican Republic since 1846
- Don Cossacks 1552–1768
- Dong-okjeo 36 BCE – 153 CE
- Dongye 91 BCE – 391 CE
- Duchies of Poland 1139–1304
- Duchies of Poland 1279–1304
- Duchy of Anhalt 1806–1870
- Duchy of Aquitaine 990–1439
- Duchy of Athens 1206–1313
- Duchy of Athens (Acciaioli) 1388–1456
- Duchy of Bavaria 1260–1805
- Duchy of Benevento 577–1084
- Duchy of Bohemia 896–1002
- Duchy of Brabant 1183–1259
- Duchy of Brittany 947–1491
- Duchy of Brunswick 1814–1870
- Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg 1235–1268
- Duchy of Burgundy 1003–1481
- Duchy of Bytom 1285–1304
- Duchy of Cleves 1092–1520
- Duchy of Courland 1734–1793
- Duchy of Croatia 741–925
- Duchy of Łęczyca 1139–1146
- Duchy of Gaeta 839–1140
- Duchy of Gascony 768–1065
- Duchy of Głogów 1250–1313
- Duchy of Greater Poland 1139–1304
- Duchy of Guelders 1138–1543
- Duchy of Holstein 1848–1852
- Duchy of Jawor 1279–1313
- Duchy of Jülich 1100–1520
- Duchy of Kalisz 1210–1219
- Duchy of Kuyavia 1188–1205
- Duchy of Legnica 1279–1313
- Duchy of Limburg 1065–1288
- Duchy of Lorraine 1431–1768
- Duchy of Lucca 1815–1847
- Duchy of Luxembourg 1429–1449
- Duchy of Mantua 1530–1708
- Duchy of Masovia 1139–1351
- Duchy of Mecklenburg 1806–1870
- Duchy of Milan 1395–1539
- Duchy of Modena and Reggio 1815–1859
- Duchy of Montferrat 1574–1708
- Duchy of Naples 763–1138
- Duchy of Nassau 1806–1865
- Duchy of Normandy 922–1071
- Duchy of Oldenburg 1806–1870
- Duchy of Opole 1177–1304
- Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 1815–1859
- Duchy of Pomerania 1181–1637
- Duchy of Prussia 1526–1618
- Duchy of Racibórz 1285–1304
- Duchy of Saint Sava 1453–1474
- Duchy of Sandomierz 1139–1304
- Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg 1296–1689
- Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg 1296–1422
- Duchy of Silesia 1139–1304
- Duchy of Spoleto 577–898
- Duchy of Styria 1260–1501
- Duchy of the Archipelago 1210–1313
- Duchy of Thuringia 567–723
- Duchy of Tuscia 577–586
- Duchy of Urbino 1443–1631
- Duchy of Warsaw 1809–1813
- Duchy of Wrocław 1169–1201
- Duchy of Württemberg 1495–1802
- Dumnonia 602–709
- Durrani Dynasty 1840–1845
- Durrani Empire 1748–1827
- Dutch Cape Colony 1653–1795
- Dutch colonies in the Americas 1622–1802
- Dutch East Indies 1800–1949
- Dutch Gold Coast 1653–1872
- Dutch Republic 1582–1795
- Dutch Republic 1582–1795
- Dzungar Khanate 1609–1756
E
- Earldom of Desmond 1333–1458
- Earldom of Ulster 1326–1332
- Early Bahmani Sultanate 1347–1351
- Early Balinese Kingdoms 922–1343
- Early Cheras 291 BCE – 305 CE
- Early Cholas 291 BCE – 305 CE
- Early Dynastic Period of Egypt 3000–2501 BCE
- Early Harappan (Ravi, Kot Diji and Sothi-Siswal phases) 3300–3001 BCE
- Early Lý Dynasty 546–601
- Early Mycenaean Greece 1750–1501 BCE
- Early Pandyas 291 BCE – 305 CE
- Early Vijayanagara (Sangama brothers) 1336–1343
- Early Zapotec villages (Valley of Oaxaca) 1500–500 BCE
- East Franks 850–910
- East Timor since 2000
- East Turkestan 1463–1474
- East Turkestan Republic 1945–1949
- Eastern Chagatai Khanate 1492–1511
- Eastern Chalukya kingdom of Vengi 624–1000
- Eastern Ganga Kingdom 1056–1434
- Eastern Ganga kingdom of Kalinga 498–1000
- Eastern Göktürks 587–632
- Eastern Hungarian Kingdom 1529–1571
- Eastern Jin 317–420
- Eastern Kara-Khanids 1046–1138
- Eastern Kushans 238–346
- Eastern Moghulistan 1519–1686
- Eastern Roman Empire 395–632
- Eastern Wei 534–549
- Eastern Wu 207–279
- Eastern Zhou 750–257 BCE
- Ebla 2400–2300 BCE
- Edom 850–553 BCE
- Eighteen Kingdoms 208–204 BCE
- Elam 3200–601 BCE
- Eldiguzids (Atabegs of Azerbaijan) 1146–1225
- Electoral Palatinate 1214–1797
- Electorate of Baden 1803–1805
- Electorate of Brandenburg 1422–1618
- Electorate of Hanover 1709–1802
- Electorate of Hesse 1803–1867
- Electorate of Mainz 1200–1797
- Electorate of Salzburg 1803–1805
- Electorate of Saxony 1363–1805
- Electorate of Trier 1333–1618
- Electorate of Württemberg 1803–1805
- Elmet 500–617
- Elymais 147 BCE – 221 CE
- Emirate of Afghanistan 1828–1925
- Emirate of Bari 847–871
- Emirate of Brakna 1674–1903
- Emirate of Bukhara 1788–1919
- Emirate of Córdoba 756–935
- Emirate of Crete 830–960
- Emirate of Diriyah 1744–1819
- Emirate of Granada 1241–1491
- Emirate of Jabal Shammar 1825–1921
- Emirate of Multan 855–1009
- Emirate of Nejd 1824–1925
- Emirate of Nekor 750–1027
- Emirate of Sicily 850–1093
- Emirate of Tbilisi 830–1122
- Emirate of Trarza 1640–1902
- Empire of Brazil 1822–1889
- Empire of China 1916
- Empire of Great Fulo (Denianke kingdom) 1513–1775
- Empire of Haiti 1805–1858
- Empire of Japan 1868–1945
- Empire of Kanem 1072–1384
- Empire of Thessalonica 1236–1249
- Empire of Trebizond 1206–1462
- English Colonial Empire 1609–1779
- Equatorial Guinea since 1969
- Eretnids 1335–1378
- Erivan Khanate 1747–1827
- Erlitou culture 1750–1500 BCE
- Eshrefids 1305–1325
- Estado Novo 1926–1975
- Este state: Ferrara, Modena and Reggio 1288–1597
- Estonia 1919–1939
- Eswatini since 1969
- Ethiopia since 1942
- Ethiopian Empire 1272–1935
- Etruscans 750–265 BCE
F
- Fatimid Caliphate 911–1176
- Federal League 1814–1819
- Federal Republic of Germany 1950–1990
- Federal Republic of Nigeria since 1961
- Federal Republic of Somalia since 1960
- Federated Republic of Brazil 1967–1986
- Federated Republic of Mexico 1824–1865
- Federation of Malaya 1958–1962
- Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 1600–1501 BCE
- Fihrids 750–756
- First Bulgarian Empire 682–1017
- First French colonial empire 1805–1814
- First French Empire 1805–1814
- First French Empire 1805–1814
- First Hellenic Republic 1822–1831
- First Islamic state (Medina) 622–632
- First Mexican Empire 1822–1823
- First Sealand Dynasty 1700–1401 BCE
- First Spanish Republic 1873–1874
- First Toungoo Empire 1502–1599
- Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 911–979
- Former Jin 911–922
- Former Liang 324–377
- Former Qin 353–393
- Former Shu 911–925
- Former Yan 337–370
- Former Zhao 306–336
- Fortriu (northern Picts) 430–684
- Four Oirats 1402–1474
- France Antarctique 1556–1566
- Francoist Spain 1939–1975
- Free City of Bremen 1806–1870
- Free City of Danzig 1809–1939
- Free City of Frankfurt 1820–1865
- Free City of Hamburg 1814–1870
- Free City of Krakow 1815–1845
- Free City of Lübeck 1806–1870
- Free County of Burgundy 1333–1384
- Free French 1940–1944
- Free Imperial City of Nuremberg 1505–1796
- Free Orange State 1856–1899
- Free Territory of Trieste 1947–1954
- Freetown Colony 1788–1796
- French Africa 1846–1957
- French Algeria 1830–1847
- French Colony of Guiana 1791
- French Consulate 1800–1804
- French Consulate 1800–1804
- French Directory 1796–1799
- French Directory 1796–1799
- French Fifth Republic since 1958
- French First Republic 1791–1795
- French First Republic 1792–1795
- French Fourth Republic 1945–1957
- French Fourth Republic 1945–1957
- French India 1673–1847
- French Indochina 1860–1954
- French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon 1920–1945
- French Second Republic 1848–1852
- French Second Republic 1848–1852
- French Third Republic 1871–1939
- French Third Republic 1871–1939
- French zone 1945–1949
- Frisia 783–787
- Frisia Kingdom 612–717
- Frisians 793–799
- Funan 51–640
- Funj Sultanate 1507–1821
- Funnelbeaker culture (TRB) 4100–2800 BCE
G
- Gabon since 1961
- Gahadavala Dynasty 1085–1201
- Gajapati Empire 1435–1540
- Gajapati Empire (peak) 1464–1470
- Galatia 279–26 BCE
- Galicia-Volhynia 1294–1351
- Gallic Empire 261–274
- Galuh Kingdom 674–1481
- Gandhara grave culture (Swat protohistoric graves) 1400–800 BCE
- Ganja Khanate 1747–1804
- Ganzhou Kingdom 860–1039
- Gao Empire (Kingdom of Gao) 800–1299
- Gao Kaidao 623–625
- Garamantes 1000 BCE – 700 CE
- Garha kingdom (Garha-Mandla) 1440–1563
- Garha-Mandla (Gond kingdom) 1564–1780
- Garhwal Kingdom 1358–1803
- Gauda Kingdom 602–611
- Gaza Empire 1824–1895
- Geledi Sultanate 1700–1889
- Georgia since 567
- German Africa 1871–1918
- German Democratic Republic 1949–1990
- German Empire 1871–1918
- Germany since 1991
- Germiyanids 1305–1439
- Ghana since 1957
- Ghana Empire 793–1201
- Ghassanids 510–633
- Ghassulian culture 4400–3500 BCE
- Ghaznavid Empire 962–1187
- Ghurid Dynasty 1152–1209
- Giudicato of Arborea 866–1421
- Giudicato of Cagliari 866–1187
- Giudicato of Gallura 866–1209
- Giudicato of Logudoro 866–1259
- Gobir 1450–1804
- Goguryeo 36 BCE – 668 CE
- Gojoseon 197–109 BCE
- Göktürk Khaganate 555–586
- Golconda Sultanate 1519–1686
- Golden Horde 1294–1501
- Gonja 1675–1743
- Gorkha Kingdom 1588–1787
- Goryeo 918–1391
- Gothia 207–382
- Goths 30–206
- Gran Colombia 1822–1829
- Granadine Confederation 1859–1862
- Grand Duchy of Baden 1806–1870
- Grand Duchy of Berg 1806–1827
- Grand Duchy of Hesse 1806–1870
- Grand Duchy of Kraków 1279–1293
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1220–1449
- Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 1806–1870
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany 1797–1848
- Grand Duchy of Würzburg 1806–1814
- Grand Principality of Moscow 1294–1546
- Grand Principality of Serbia 1094–1168
- Great Jin 1126–1235
- Great Mongol State 1912–1923
- Great Moravia 814–910
- Great Principality of Duklja 1056–1071
- Great Seljuk Empire 1040–1194
- Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 247–127 BCE
- Greek City-States 800–146 BCE
- Greek Colonies 271–226 BCE
- Greek Dark Ages 1100–801 BCE
- Greek junta 1967–1975
- Green Sahara hunter-fishers and herders 7700–2500 BCE
- Greenland 1734–1940
- Grenada since 1974
- Guatemala since 1840
- Guayaquil Junta 1812–1813
- Guge kingdom 1000–1550
- Guinea since 1960
- Gujarat states: Dharampur and Bansda 1858–1947
- Gujarat states: Palanpur, Radhanpur, Idar, Rajpipla, Lunavada, Chhota Udaipur 1858–1947
- Gujarat states: tract near Cambay 1858–1947
- Gujarat Sultanate 1407–1571
- Gujarat Sultanate (with Malwa) 1531–1535
- Gupta Empire 324–554
- Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty 732–1039
- Guyana since 1967
- Gwalior 1858–1947
- Gwalior State 1820–1845
- Gwalior State (Scindia) 1846–1857
- Gwalior State (Scindia's Malwa districts) 1846–1857
H
- Habsburg Monarchy 1459–1805
- Habsburg Monarchy 1487–1805
- Hadhramaut 700 BCE – 305 CE
- Hafsid Dynasty 1236–1571
- Haihayas of Ratanpur 1226–1550
- Haiti 1792–1802
- Haiti (divided: northern State and southern Republic) 1807–1820
- Halaf culture 6100–5100 BCE
- Hallstatt culture 800–450 BCE
- Halych-Volhynia occupation 1056–1240
- Hamdanid Emirates 936–1004
- Hammadid Dynasty 1018–1151
- Han 404–203 BCE
- Hán 206–204 BCE
- Han Dynasty 202 BCE – 220 CE
- Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1294–1546
- Haripuñjaya 661–1293
- Harsha's Empire 612–655
- Hasanwayhids 959–1015
- Hassuna culture 6000–5500 BCE
- Haudenosaunee 1450–1782
- Hazaraspids 1155–1424
- Heian Japan 793–1187
- Helvetic Republic 1799–1802
- Hemudu culture 5500–3300 BCE
- Henan 206–204 BCE
- Hill Tippera (Tripura) 1858–1947
- Himyarite Kingdom 110 BCE – 525 CE
- Hindu Shahi kingdom 875–1000
- Hittites 1600–1180 BCE
- Hoabinhian 10,000–2000 BCE
- Hokuzan 1314–1421
- Holy Roman Empire 922–1806
- Holy Roman Empire 962–1621
- Holy Roman Empire Minor States 1260–1806
- Honduras since 1840
- Hongshan culture 4700–2900 BCE
- Hopewell tradition 100 BCE – 500 CE
- Hotaki Dynasty 1709–1737
- House of Anjou-Sicily 1272–1384
- House of Ascania 1260–1486
- House of Bourbon 1333–1594
- House of Habsburg 1260–1515
- House of Hohenstaufen 1260–1271
- House of Jagiellon 1450–1571
- House of Khalifa 1783–1894
- House of Luxembourg 1260–1414
- House of Oldenburg 1450–1458
- House of Savoy 1564–1720
- House of Tocco 1363–1414
- House of Valois-Anjou 1363–1486
- House of Wittelsbach 1260–1332
- Hoysala Kingdom 1111–1351
- Hubaekje 892–935
- Huguenots 1622–1631
- Hungarian Nationalists 1849–1957
- Hungarian People's Republic 1950–1989
- Hungarian Republic 1919
- Hungary since 1947
- Hunnic Empire 426–469
- Huns 106–425
- Hussain Shahi Dynasty 1534–1539
- Hwicce 577–627
- Hyderabad 1858–1948
- Hyderabad State 1727–1947
- Hyderabad State (Berar assigned) 1854–1857
- Hyderabad State (the Nizam's dominions) 1799–1803
- Hyderabad State (with Berar) 1804–1853
- Hyksos 1650–1540 BCE
I
- Iberian Union 1582–1639
- Icelandic Commonwealth 936–1271
- Idalion 600–451 BCE
- Idrisids 793–979
- Ifat Sultanate 1285–1414
- Ikhshidid dynasty 935–969
- Ikshvaku kingdom of Vijayapuri 210–325
- Ilkhanate 1294–1343
- Illyrian Kingdom 256–226 BCE
- Imamate of Futa Jallon 1725–1896
- Imamate of Futa Toro 1776–1859
- Imamate of Oman 1913–1919
- Imamate of Yemen 1814–1872
- Inca Empire 1440–1533
- Independent Sinhalese kingdoms 1507–1686
- Independent State of Croatia 1941–1944
- Indo-Greeks 126 BCE – 13 CE
- Indo-Parthians 1–90
- Indo-Sasanian Empire 260–357
- Indo-Scythians 144 BCE – 282 CE
- Indore 1858–1947
- Indore State (Holkar) 1818–1857
- Indore State (Rampura–Bhanpura) 1818–1857
- Indus Valley Civilization 3000–1701 BCE
- Injuids 1344–1362
- Iraqi Republic 1959–1991
- Ireland since 1938
- Irish Catholic Confederation 1642–1652
- Irish Free State 1922–1937
- Iron Age megalithic cultures of South India 1200–300 BCE
- Iron Gates Mesolithic (Lepenski Vir culture) 13,000–6000 BCE
- Irukkuvel chiefdom (Kodumbalur) 300 BCE – 300 CE
- Islamic Republic of Iran since 1979
- Islamic Republic of Pakistan since 1947
- Isle of Man 1344–1401
- Italian Africa 1890–1943
- Italian City-States 91–88 BCE
- Italian Nationalists 1848
- Italian Republic 1803–1804
- Itza Mayans 1547–1696
J
- Jabrid dynasty 1417–1524
- Jaemtland 947–1187
- Jaffna kingdom 1314–1594
- Jaintia Kingdom 1550–1835
- Jaipur 1858–1947
- Jaisalmer 1858–1947
- Jalayirid Sultanate 1344–1432
- Jamaica since 1963
- Jammu and Kashmir 1858–1947
- Janapada of Anga 600–501 BCE
- Janapada of Aṅga 700–601 BCE
- Janapada of Aśmaka 600–351 BCE
- Janapada of Avanti 700–405 BCE
- Janapada of Cedī 600–451 BCE
- Janapada of Gandhāra 700–501 BCE
- Janapada of Kamboja 600–501 BCE
- Janapada of Kāśī 1000–451 BCE
- Janapada of Kosala 700–451 BCE
- Janapada of Kuru 1200–405 BCE
- Janapada of Magadha 700–501 BCE
- Janapada of Malla 600–451 BCE
- Janapada of Matsya 700–405 BCE
- Janapada of Pañcāla 1100–405 BCE
- Janapada of Surasena 700–405 BCE
- Janapada of Vajji 600–481 BCE
- Janapada of Vatsa 700–451 BCE
- Japan since 1953
- Jaunpur Sultanate 1395–1481
- Jeitun culture 6000–4500 BCE
- Jesuit Reducciones 1595–1768
- Jeulmun (Chulmun) culture 8000–1500 BCE
- Jiaodong 206–204 BCE
- Jibei 208–204 BCE
- Jin 750–405 BCE
- Jingnan 926–969
- Jinhan 91 BCE – 377 CE
- Jiujiang 206–204 BCE
- Jodhpur (Marwar) 1858–1947
- Jolof Empire 1360–1549
- Jōmon culture 14,000–300 BCE
- Jorwe culture 1400–700 BCE
- Joseon 1392–1897
- Judea 144 BCE – 5 CE
- Junagadh 1858–1947
K
- Kaabu 1537–1867
- Kaarta 1754–1854
- Kachchhapaghatas of Gwalior 1000–1196
- Kadamba Empire 353–554
- Kadi Burhan al-Din's state 1381–1398
- Kahuripan 1028–1045
- Kakatiya Dynasty 1177–1325
- Kakuyids 1008–1051
- Kalabhra Dynasty 353–591
- Kalachuri kingdom of Mahishmati 550–625
- Kalachuri kingdom of Tripuri (Chedi) 850–1000
- Kalachuris of Ratnapura 1090–1225
- Kalachuris of Tripuri (Chedi) 1000–1211
- Kalat (with Kharan, Las Bela and Makran) 1858–1948
- Kalinga 318–171 BCE
- Kalmar Union 1402–1525
- Kalmar Union 1402–1525
- Kalmyk Khanate 1632–1771
- Kamakura Shogunate 1188–1332
- Kamarupa Kingdom 353–1138
- Kamata kingdom 1257–1497
- Kampili Kingdom 1285–1332
- Kannauj-Varman Dynasty 732–771
- Kanva Dynasty 66–28 BCE
- Kapisa 1475–1506
- Kara-Khanids 850–1045
- Kara-Khitans 1126–1219
- Karabakh Khanate 1748–1805
- Karagwe 1450–1890
- Karamanli Dynasty 1713–1839
- Karkota Dynasty 592–859
- Karnats of Mithila (Tirhut) 1097–1324
- Kartids 1344–1384
- Kasanje Kingdom 1620–1911
- Kashmir 626–1343
- Kashmir and Jammu 1846–1947
- Kashmiri Sultanate 1344–1587
- Kastamonu 1305–1343
- Kathiawar states 1858–1947
- Kathiri Sultanate 1516–1657
- Kathmandu 1202–1761
- Katyuri kingdom 1000–1065
- Katyuri principalities (Kumaon) 1066–1200
- Kazakh Khanate 1468–1847
- Kazakhstan since 1992
- Kedah-Perlis District 1842–1910
- Kediri Kingdom 1046–1226
- Keladi Nayakas (Ikkeri / Bednur) 1565–1762
- Kelantan 1762–1904
- Kelteminar culture 5500–3500 BCE
- Kénédougou Kingdom 1825–1898
- Kenmu Restoration 1333–1335
- Kerma culture (Kingdom of Kerma) 2500–1500 BCE
- Khadga Dynasty 656–704
- Khairpur 1858–1947
- Khalji Dynasty 1294–1325
- Khanate of Bukhara 1516–1787
- Khanate of Kalat (Brahui confederacy) 1666–1757
- Khanate of Kalat (Nasir Khan's khanate and successors) 1758–1857
- Khanate of Kazan 1440–1551
- Khanate of Khiva 1512–1919
- Khanate of Kokand 1709–1876
- Khanate of Sibir 1429–1587
- Khanates of the Caucasus 1748–1796
- Khandesh Sultanate (Faruqi) 1382–1571
- Kharijites 751–762
- Khasa Malla kingdom 1100–1389
- Khazaria 630–969
- Khedivate of Egypt 1866–1884
- Khmer Empire 800–1431
- Khmer Republic 1970–1975
- Khmer Rouge 1976–1978
- Khoshut Khanate 1582–1695
- Khwarezmid Dynasty 1094–1201
- Khwarezmid Empire 1202–1231
- Kidarites 358–450
- Kievan Rus' 882–1240
- Kilwa Sultanate 1000–1505
- Kimek-Kipchak confederation 750–1235
- Kindah Kingdom 450–528
- Kingdom of Adiabene 63 BCE – 370 CE
- Kingdom of Afghanistan 1926–1972
- Kingdom of Africa 1152–1168
- Kingdom of Alamannia 462–731
- Kingdom of Alba 900–1293
- Kingdom of Allada (Ardra) 1600–1723
- Kingdom of Altava 579–700
- Kingdom of Amber (Jaipur) 1752–1857
- Kingdom of Araba (Hatra) 150–241
- Kingdom of Aragon 1015–1168
- Kingdom of Arles 936–1384
- Kingdom of Armenia 326 BCE – 428 CE
- Kingdom of Asturias 724–925
- Kingdom of Awadh (Oudh), reduced 1803–1856
- Kingdom of Axum 50 BCE – 946 CE
- Kingdom of Baguirmi 1522–1897
- Kingdom of Bahrain since 1972
- Kingdom of Bavaria 1806–1870
- Kingdom of Belgium since 1830
- Kingdom of Benin 1200–1897
- Kingdom of Bernicia 555–633
- Kingdom of Bhutan since 1636
- Kingdom of Bithynia 333–67 BCE
- Kingdom of Bohemia 1202–1528
- Kingdom of Bohemia 1202–1528
- Kingdom of Bosnia 1385–1481
- Kingdom of Breifne 1000–1256
- Kingdom of Brittany 825–921
- Kingdom of Brycheiniog 540–1084
- Kingdom of Bulgaria 1908–1947
- Kingdom of Bulungan 1734–1747
- Kingdom of Burundi 1680–1899
- Kingdom of Butua (Torwa) 1451–1683
- Kingdom of Calicut (the Zamorin) 1550–1765
- Kingdom of Cambodia since 1956
- Kingdom of Cambodia (post-Angkor) 1432–1867
- Kingdom of Cappadocia 239 BCE – 22 CE
- Kingdom of Castile 961–1235
- Kingdom of Ceredigion 500–730
- Kingdom of Champasak 1709–1894
- Kingdom of Cochin 1550–1857
- Kingdom of Cochin (Perumpadappu Swaroopam) 1124–1550
- Kingdom of Commagene 63 BCE – 77 CE
- Kingdom of Croatia 926–1098
- Kingdom of Cyprus 1192–1491
- Kingdom of Dagbon 1420–1896
- Kingdom of Dahomey 1625–1894
- Kingdom of Dali 947–1259
- Kingdom of Dambadeniya 1236–1293
- Kingdom of Damot 1100–1316
- Kingdom of Deira 534–633
- Kingdom of Denmark 936–1406
- Kingdom of Denmark 936–1406
- Kingdom of Desmond 1118–1176
- Kingdom of Desmond (MacCarthy Mór) 1177–1596
- Kingdom of Duklja 1072–1138
- Kingdom of Dunoting 592–625
- Kingdom of Dyfed 410–919
- Kingdom of East Anglia 534–869
- Kingdom of Egypt 1922–1952
- Kingdom of England 936–1708
- Kingdom of England 936–1707
- Kingdom of Essex 534–665
- Kingdom of Etruria 1803–1806
- Kingdom of Fiji 1871–1876
- Kingdom of France 990–1791
- Kingdom of France 990–1791
- Kingdom of Galicia 911–1125
- Kingdom of Gampola 1341–1411
- Kingdom of Georgia 1010–1462
- Kingdom of Gera 1835–1887
- Kingdom of Germany 911–961
- Kingdom of Gomma 1780–1886
- Kingdom of Gordyene 63 BCE – 259 CE
- Kingdom of Great Britain 1709–1800
- Kingdom of Greece 1832–1966
- Kingdom of Gumma 1770–1885
- Kingdom of Gwent 540–1055
- Kingdom of Gwynedd 540–1282
- Kingdom of Hanover 1803–1865
- Kingdom of Hawaï'i 1791–1892
- Kingdom of Hejaz 1916–1925
- Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd 1926–1932
- Kingdom of Hungary 1000–1943
- Kingdom of Iceland 1918–1939
- Kingdom of Imereti 1468–1810
- Kingdom of Iraq 1932–1957
- Kingdom of Israel 1000–721 BCE
- Kingdom of Italy 587–1946
- Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) 1805–1813
- Kingdom of Jaisalmer 1156–1857
- Kingdom of Janggala 1046–1138
- Kingdom of Jerusalem 1099–1290
- Kingdom of Jimma 1790–1884
- Kingdom of Jolof 1550–1890
- Kingdom of Jordan since 1947
- Kingdom of Judah 900–701 BCE
- Kingdom of Kaffa 1390–1897
- Kingdom of Kakheti 1468–1762
- Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti 1014–1104
- Kingdom of Kandy 1469–1814
- Kingdom of Kangra (Trigarta) 1044–1191
- Kingdom of Kano 1000–1804
- Kingdom of Kartli 1463–1762
- Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 1763–1801
- Kingdom of Katsina 1350–1804
- Kingdom of Kazembe 1740–1894
- Kingdom of Kebbi 1516–1804
- Kingdom of Kent 490–762
- Kingdom of Khotan 888–1009
- Kingdom of Kongo 1440–1889
- Kingdom of Kotte 1412–1550
- Kingdom of Kotte (whole island) 1450–1467
- Kingdom of Kumaon (Chand dynasty) 1550–1790
- Kingdom of Kush 1000 BCE – 346 CE
- Kingdom of Ladakh (Maryul, Namgyal dynasty) 1550–1842
- Kingdom of Laos 1956–1975
- Kingdom of Lazica 638–777
- Kingdom of León 911–1235
- Kingdom of Libya 1951–1968
- Kingdom of Lindsey 534–625
- Kingdom of Loango 1565–1883
- Kingdom of Lori (Tashir-Dzoraget) 979–1065
- Kingdom of Lower Burgundy 900–935
- Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 1709–1894
- Kingdom of Lysimachus 323–282 BCE
- Kingdom of Majorca 1279–1343
- Kingdom of Manipur 1550–1857
- Kingdom of Mann 1177–1271
- Kingdom of Mapungubwe 1075–1290
- Kingdom of Marwar 1453–1563
- Kingdom of Marwar (Jodhpur) 1752–1857
- Kingdom of Marwar (Maldeo) 1532–1543
- Kingdom of Marwar (Mandore) 1395–1437
- Kingdom of Maryul (Ladakh) 1000–1550
- Kingdom of Matamba 1631–1744
- Kingdom of Meath (Mide) 800–1172
- Kingdom of Mercia 534–925
- Kingdom of Mewar 1433–1550
- Kingdom of Mewar (Guhilas) 1000–1302
- Kingdom of Mewar (Rana Sanga) 1509–1527
- Kingdom of Mewar (Sisodias) 1326–1432
- Kingdom of Mewar (Udaipur) 1550–1614
- Kingdom of Mewar (Udaipur State) 1752–1857
- Kingdom of Morgannwg 540–1055
- Kingdom of Mrauk U 1429–1784
- Kingdom of Mutapa 1450–1760
- Kingdom of Mysore 1572–1799
- Kingdom of Mysore (restored Wodeyars) 1799–1857
- Kingdom of Mysore (Srirangapatna) 1610–1672
- Kingdom of Mysore under Chikka Devaraja and successors 1673–1762
- Kingdom of Mysore (Wodeyar principality) 1572–1609
- Kingdom of Nagpur (Bhonsle) 1818–1853
- Kingdom of Naples 1285–1805
- Kingdom of Naples (Napoleonic) 1806–1814
- Kingdom of Navarre 1139–1428
- Kingdom of Ndongo 1556–1625
- Kingdom of Nepal (Thakuri dynasty) 1000–1200
- Kingdom of Neustria 724–731
- Kingdom of Northumbria 612–935
- Kingdom of Norway since 1814
- Kingdom of Numidia 197–47 BCE
- Kingdom of Ormus 1475–1506
- Kingdom of Osraige (Ossory) 800–1169
- Kingdom of Osroene 63 BCE – 214 CE
- Kingdom of Pajana 1572–1587
- Kingdom of Pamplona 825–1084
- Kingdom of Pergamon 279–127 BCE
- Kingdom of Pinya 1314–1374
- Kingdom of Poland 962–1449
- Kingdom of Poland 962–1449
- Kingdom of Polonnaruwa 1072–1259
- Kingdom of Pontus 281 BCE – 67 CE
- Kingdom of Portugal 1147–1911
- Kingdom of Powys 540–1168
- Kingdom of Powys Fadog 1169–1215
- Kingdom of Powys Wenwynwyn 1169–1209
- Kingdom of Prussia 1702–1867
- Kingdom of Rheged 592–646
- Kingdom of Romania 1881–1947
- Kingdom of Rwanda 1600–1897
- Kingdom of Sarawak 1842–1946
- Kingdom of Sardinia 1721–1861
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia since 1933
- Kingdom of Saxony 1806–1870
- Kingdom of Scotland 1294–1608
- Kingdom of Seisyllwg 878–959
- Kingdom of Serbia 1188–1915
- Kingdom of Sicily 1139–1384
- Kingdom of Sikkim 1642–1974
- Kingdom of Sindh (Chach dynasty) 632–712
- Kingdom of Sine 1520–1891
- Kingdom of Singapura 1305–1401
- Kingdom of Sitawaka 1521–1550
- Kingdom of Sobrarbe 825–829
- Kingdom of Soissons 476–489
- Kingdom of Sophene 256 BCE – 113 CE
- Kingdom of Spain since 1516
- Kingdom of Sussex 490–771
- Kingdom of Sweden since 980
- Kingdom of Syrmia 1285–1325
- Kingdom of Syunik 987–1104
- Kingdom of Thailand since 1932
- Kingdom of the Aurès 484–703
- Kingdom of the Franks 462–849
- Kingdom of the Franks 462–849
- Kingdom of the Gepids 510–566
- Kingdom of the Iberians 814–999
- Kingdom of the Isles 1085–1176
- Kingdom of the Suebi 414–586
- Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1815–1860
- Kingdom of Thessalonica 1206–1226
- Kingdom of Thomond 1118–1543
- Kingdom of Thuringia 476–533
- Kingdom of Travancore 1753–1857
- Kingdom of Tungning 1662–1672
- Kingdom of Urartu 800–551 BCE
- Kingdom of Vanand (Kars) 963–1065
- Kingdom of Vaspurakan 911–1027
- Kingdom of Wessex 534–935
- Kingdom of Westphalia 1809–1813
- Kingdom of Whydah 1650–1727
- Kingdom of Wogodogo (Mossi) 1495–1896
- Kingdom of Württemberg 1806–1870
- Kingdom of Zamfara 1715–1804
- Kingdom of Zimbabwe 1250–1450
- Kintampo complex 2500–1400 BCE
- Kiribati since 1979
- Kition 600–312 BCE
- Kizzuwatna 1500–1400 BCE
- Koch Bihar 1581–1857
- Koch Hajo 1581–1612
- Koch kingdom 1515–1550
- Koch kingdom (Kamata) 1550–1580
- Kofun culture (early Yamato) 250–538
- Kolathunadu (Cannanore) 1124–1550
- Kolhapur 1858–1947
- Kolli hills (Ori) 300 BCE – 170 CE
- Kolli hills under the Cheras 170–300
- Kololo Kingdom 1840–1863
- Konbaung Dynasty 1752–1819
- Kong Empire 1710–1897
- Kongu Nadu (Kosar and local chiefs) 300 BCE – 150 CE
- Kongu under the Irumporai Cheras (Karuvur) 150–300
- Korean Empire 1898–1910
- Korean Jin 197–92 BCE
- Kosovo since 1999
- Kota State 1752–1857
- Kotah (with Jhalawar) 1858–1947
- Kourion 600–312 BCE
- Kuba Kingdom 1625–1900
- Kura–Araxes culture 3500–2000 BCE
- Kushan Empire 43–237
- Kutai Kingdom 1648–1733
- Kutch (Samma-Jadeja chiefs) 1147–1550
- Kuttanad (attribution unknown) 300 BCE – 0 CE
- Kuttanad in the country of the Aioi 100–300
- Kuwait since 1757
- Kyrgyzstan since 1992
L
- La Tène culture (Celts) 450–50 BCE
- Lakhmid Kingdom 270–633
- Lan Na 1600–1761
- Lan Na Kingdom 1294–1563
- Lan Xang 1363–1708
- Land Chenla 718–805
- Landgraviate of Hesse 1264–1567
- Langah Sultanate 1445–1527
- Laomedon 323–319 BCE
- Laos since 1976
- Lapathus 600–312 BCE
- Lapita culture 1600–500 BCE
- Late Harappan (Cemetery H, Jhukar and Rangpur phases) 1900–1300 BCE
- Late Pallava Empire 283–897
- Later Gupta kingdom of Magadha 647–750
- Later Han 947–950
- Later Jin 936–946
- Later Jin Dynasty 1619–1635
- Later Liang 387–406
- Later Liang Dynasty 911–922
- Later Mayan City-States 850–1546
- Later Qin 387–416
- Later Shu 936–969
- Later Tang 923–935
- Later Western Liang 561–586
- Later Yan 387–409
- Later Zhao 337–352
- Later Zhou 951–959
- Latin Empire 1206–1260
- Lavo Kingdom 638–1394
- Lazica 63 BCE – 545 CE
- Lê Dynasty 1429–1571
- League of Lezhë 1444–1468
- Lebanon since 1944
- Lesotho since 1967
- Li Zicheng 1632–1644
- Liang Dynasty 502–556
- Liangzhu culture 3300–2300 BCE
- Liao Dynasty 911–1125
- Liaodong 206–204 BCE
- Libyan Arab Republic 1969–1991
- Licchavi kingdom of Nepal 400–879
- Ligurian Republic 1797–1814
- Limmu-Ennarea 1801–1891
- Linear Pottery culture (LBK) 5500–4500 BCE
- Linjiang 206–204 BCE
- Liu Song Dynasty 421–479
- Livonian Brothers of the Sword 1202–1240
- Livonian Conference 1422–1563
- Lodi Dynasty 1453–1526
- Lohara Dynasty 1003–1259
- Lombards 480–586
- Longshan culture 3000–1900 BCE
- Lordship, later Principality of Piombino 1399–1801
- Lordship of Ferrara (Este) 1264–1287
- Lordship of Mantua 1328–1432
- Los Altos 1840
- Los Millares culture 3000–2000 BCE
- Lower Burgundy 860–925
- Lower Egypt 2200–2001 BCE
- Lozi Kingdom (Barotseland) 1750–1899
- Lu 750–248 BCE
- Luba Empire 1585–1889
- Lunda Empire 1680–1887
- Luxembourg since 1890
- Lydia 700–541 BCE
M
- Maadi–Buto culture (Lower Egyptian culture) 4000–3500 BCE
- Macedonian Empire 675–292 BCE
- Macedonian Empire 675–292 BCE
- Madagascar since 1960
- Maderistas 1911
- Madurai Sultanate (Ma'bar) 1335–1378
- Magadha - Haryanka dynasty 500–405 BCE
- Magadha - Shaishunaga dynasty 404–334 BCE
- Maglemosian culture 9000–6000 BCE
- Magna Frisia 602–771
- Magyars 840–910
- Mahajanapadas 600–351 BCE
- Mahajanapadas 480–451 BCE
- Mahameghavahana Dynasty 170–165 BCE
- Mahan 91 BCE – 346 CE
- Mahdids 1159–1173
- Mahdist State 1890–1899
- Mahra Sultanate 1549–1886
- Mahra Sultanate (Socotra) 1549–1886
- Maitraka Dynasty 476–731
- Majapahit 1294–1518
- Majeerteen Sultanate 1856–1889
- Majiayao culture 3300–2000 BCE
- Makuria 347–1414
- Makuria Kingdom 1415–1518
- Malaiyaman Nadu (Kari of Kovalur) 300 BCE – 300 CE
- Malawi since 1965
- Malaya 1294–1351
- Malaysia since 1963
- Maldives since 1965
- Mali Empire 1236–1611
- Mali Federation 1960
- Malta since 1964
- Maltese temple culture 3600–2500 BCE
- Malwa culture 1600–1300 BCE
- Malwa Sultanate 1401–1561
- Mamertines 271–257 BCE
- Mamluk Dynasty 1210–1293
- Mamluk dynasty of Iraq 1704–1831
- Mamluk Sultanate 1250–1516
- Manipur 1858–1947
- Manipur (Kangleipak) 1110–1550
- Mannaea 850–616 BCE
- Maratha Empire 1677–1818
- Maravi 1480–1720
- Margraviate of Baden 1772–1802
- Margraviate of Baden-Baden 1535–1771
- Margraviate of Baden-Durlach 1535–1771
- Margraviate of Brandenburg 1260–1414
- Margraviate of Meissen 1089–1422
- Margraviate of Moravia 1385–1414
- Mari (Lim dynasty) 1830–1761 BCE
- Marinid Sultanate 1250–1467
- Marion 600–312 BCE
- Marquisate of Mantua 1433–1529
- Marshall Islands since 1986
- Marwanids 990–1085
- Massina Empire 1820–1861
- Mataram Kingdom 741–1009
- Mataram Sultanate 1588–1754
- Maukhari Dynasty 555–611
- Mauretania 212 BCE – 42 CE
- Mauritania since 1961
- Mauritius since 1969
- Mauro-Roman Kingdom 430–578
- Maurya Empire 318–185 BCE
- Mayan City-States 247 BCE – 849 CE
- Maykop culture 3700–3000 BCE
- Maynila 1521–1599
- Mayurbhanj 1858–1947
- Mazyadid dynasty (Banu Mazyad) 961–1150
- Median Kingdom 615–551 BCE
- Menabe 1650–1823
- Mengujekids 1072–1228
- Merina Kingdom 1792–1897
- Merovingian Empire 462–717
- Merovingian Empire 710–717
- Mexican Monarchists 1864
- Mexicans 1811–1819
- Mexico since 1868
- Michoacán 1305–1533
- Micronesia since 1987
- Middle Franks 850–899
- Middle Kingdom of Egypt 2000–1601 BCE
- Min 911–946
- Minaeans 383–26 BCE
- Ming Dynasty 1375–1644
- Minoan civilisation 3100–1601 BCE
- Minoan civilization 1600–1401 BCE
- Minyue 333–111 BCE
- Mirdasid dynasty 1024–1080
- Mitanni 1500–1241 BCE
- Moab 900–582 BCE
- Moche culture 100–800
- Moghulistan 1352–1518
- Molossians 170–165 BCE
- Mongol Empire 1206–1293
- Mongol Khanate 1468–1635
- Mongol khanates 1547–1695
- Mongolia since 1992
- Mongolian People's Republic 1924–1991
- Montenegro since 1853
- Moravian Serbia 1372–1401
- Morocco since 1670
- Mosquito Kingdom 1853–1859
- Mozambique since 1976
- Mthethwa Paramountcy 1780–1817
- Mthwakazi (Ndebele kingdom) 1840–1893
- Mughal Empire 1526–1857
- Muhammad Ali dynasty 1805–1865
- Mumun culture 1500–300 BCE
- Musunuri Nayakas 1336–1367
- Muzaffarids 1344–1394
- Myanmar since 1990
- Mycenaean Greece 1500–1101 BCE
- Myinsaing Kingdom 1294–1313
- Mysore 1881–1947
- Mysore (under British commission) 1858–1880
- Mysore under Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan 1776–1791
- Mysore under Hyder Ali (with Bednur) 1763–1765
- Mysore under Hyder Ali (with Malabar) 1766–1775
- Mysore under Tipu Sultan after the Treaty of Seringapatam 1792–1798
N
- Nabataeans 164 BCE – 105 CE
- Nabhani Dynasty 1177–1474
- Najahid Dynasty 1019–1158
- Nakhichevan Khanate 1747–1827
- Nalyvaiko Uprising 1595–1599
- Namayan 1202–1571
- Namibia since 1990
- Nanda Empire 333–319 BCE
- Nannan of Chenkanma (Cheyyar valley) 300 BCE – 300 CE
- Nannan of Ezhimalai (Pali) 300 BCE – 300 CE
- Nanyue 206–111 BCE
- Nanzan 1314–1401
- Nanzhao 741–910
- Napoleonic Batavia Republic 1803–1805
- Naqada culture 4000–3000 BCE
- Nara Japan 710–792
- Natalia Republic 1840–1843
- Natufian culture 13,000–9500 BCE
- Nauru since 1968
- Nawab of Awadh 1727–1802
- Nawabs of Bengal 1718–1761
- Nayaks of Gingee 1572–1649
- Nayaks of Madurai 1529–1737
- Nayaks of Thanjavur 1534–1676
- Nazca culture 100 BCE – 800 CE
- Nazi Germany 1936–1944
- Ndwandwe 1780–1819
- Negeri Sembilan 1775–1894
- Negroponte 1206–1209
- Nelcynda coast under the Pandyas 0–100
- Neo-Assyrian Empire 900–612 BCE
- Neo-Babylonian Empire 600–539 BCE
- Neo-Hittite states 1150–801 BCE
- Neo-Inca State (Vilcabamba) 1540–1571
- Neolithic of Baluchistan (Mehrgarh) 7000–4500 BCE
- Nepal since 1775
- Netherlands since 1811
- Netherlands since 1815
- Netherlands Antilles 1815–1819
- New France 1609–1791
- New Granada 1811–1821
- New Hebrides 1890–1982
- New Kingdom of Egypt 1500–1077 BCE
- New Sweden 1640–1658
- New Zealand since 1948
- Ngô Dynasty 947–965
- Nguyễn dynasty 1791–1884
- Nguyễn lords 1572–1775
- Nicaean Empire 1206–1260
- Nieuwe Republiek 1885–1889
- Nitra 898–910
- Nizari Ismaili state (Girdkuh) 1096–1256
- Nizari Ismaili state (Quhistan) 1091–1256
- Nizari Ismaili state (Rudbar) 1090–1256
- Nizari Ismaili state (Syrian castles) 1132–1256
- Nizhny Novgorod 1294–1394
- Nobatia 347–655
- Nogai Horde 1450–1563
- Nok culture 1500–1 BCE
- Nordic Bronze Age 1750–500 BCE
- Norman England 1072–1168
- Norman Italy 1034–1138
- Norse 161–499
- Norse Greenland 1072–1384
- North German Confederation 1868–1870
- North Macedonia since 1992
- North Sea Empire 1018–1039
- North Yemen 1919–1989
- Northern Fujiwara 1094–1189
- Northern Han 960–979
- Northern Liang 397–440
- Northern Neolithic (Kashmir) 3000–1700 BCE
- Northern Qi 550–576
- Northern Song 960–1126
- Northern Wei 387–533
- Northern Yan 410–438
- Northern Yuan 1369–1439
- Northern Zhou 557–580
- Norway-Denmark 1046–1055
- Novgorod Republic 1056–1477
- Nupe Kingdom 1531–1804
- Nuragic civilisation 1800–238 BCE
O
- Obotrites 793–946
- Ochre Coloured Pottery culture (with the Copper Hoards) 2000–1500 BCE
- Odisha under the Bhoi dynasty 1541–1550
- Odrysian Kingdom 450–338 BCE
- Oghuz Turks 750–1055
- Oirat Confederation 1619–1676
- Old Great Bulgaria 633–681
- Old Kingdom of Egypt 2500–2201 BCE
- Old Kingdom of Norway 866–1401
- Olmec Civilization 650–351 BCE
- Olmec culture (early) 1400–650 BCE
- Omani Slave Coast 1814–1855
- Đông Sơn culture 1000 BCE – 100 CE
- Oriental Republic of Uruguay since 1828
- Orissa feudatory states: Patna, Kalahandi, Sonpur, Bamra, Gangpur, Keonjhar, Dhenkanal, Bonai, Nayagarh, Baud, Talcher, Nilgiri, Athmallik 1858–1947
- Ostrogothic Kingdom 500–560
- Ostrogoths 455–499
- Ottoman Empire 1305–1923
- Ottoman Tripolitania 1840–1911
- Oyo Empire 1609–1835
P
- Pagan Kingdom 850–1293
- Pahang Sultanate 1853–1889
- Pahlavi Dynasty 1926–1978
- Painted Grey Ware culture 1200–600 BCE
- Pala Empire 750–1168
- Palau since 1994
- Palestine since 1992
- Palestinians 1948
- Palmyrene Empire 261–269
- Panduvamshi kingdom (Dakshina Kosala) 620–790
- Pandya Dynasty 592–921
- Pandya Empire 1216–1325
- Pandya kingdom (Pandya Nadu) 300 BCE – 300 CE
- Panthay Rebellion 1856–1872
- Papal States 755–1870
- Paphlagonia 279–127 BCE
- Paphos 600–312 BCE
- Papua New Guinea since 1946
- Paracas culture 800–100 BCE
- Paraguay since 1811
- Paramara Dynasty 980–1305
- Parambu after Pari's fall 170–300
- Parambu (Pari) 300 BCE – 170 CE
- Parthian Empire 239 BCE – 224 CE
- Pastoral Neolithic of eastern Africa 3000 BCE – 700 CE
- Patani Kingdom 1572–1690
- Pate Sultanate 1300–1813
- Patiala 1858–1947
- Patriarchate of Aquileia 1260–1449
- Peiligang culture 7000–5000 BCE
- Pekan of the Avi clan (Palani hills) 300 BCE – 300 CE
- Peloponnesian League 550–338 BCE
- Pengtoushan culture 7500–6100 BCE
- People's Democratic Republic of Algeria since 1962
- People's Democratic Republic of Yemen 1968–1989
- People's Republic of Angola 1976–1991
- People's Republic of Bangladesh since 1972
- People's Republic of Bulgaria 1948–1990
- People's Republic of China since 1950
- People's Republic of Kampuchea 1979–1988
- People's Socialist Republic of Albania 1946–1990
- Perdiccas 323–319 BCE
- Personal union of Crown of Aragon with Crown of Castile 1475–1515
- Personal union of Holy Roman Empire with Kingdom of Sicily 1216–1259
- Personal union of Kingdom of Bohemia with Kingdom of Hungary 1492–1518
- Personal union of Kingdom of Bohemia with Kingdom of Poland 1305–1313
- Personal union of Kingdom of Denmark with Kingdom of Sweden 1395–1401
- Personal union of Kingdom of Denmark with Old Kingdom of Norway 1385–1401
- Personal union of Kingdom of Hungary with Kingdom of Bohemia 1422–1528
- Personal union of Kingdom of Poland with Kingdom of Hungary 1375–1384
- Personal union of Kingdom of Sweden with Old Kingdom of Norway 1326–1362
- Personal union of Old Kingdom of Norway with Kingdom of Sweden 1363–1374
- Personal union of Polish-Lithuania Kingdom with Kingdom of Hungary 1440–1449
- Personal union of Spanish Empire with Habsburg Monarchy 1519–1563
- Peru-Bolivian Confederation 1836–1839
- Phayao Kingdom 1294–1343
- Philistia 1150–701 BCE
- Phoenicia 1150–501 BCE
- Phoenician Colonies 700–616 BCE
- Phoenician Empire 1150–501 BCE
- Phrygia 900–676 BCE
- Pictland (kingdom of Fortriu) 685–848
- Poles 1830–1833
- Polish Armed Forces 1918
- Polish-Lithuania Kingdom 1395–1449
- Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 1572–1793
- Polish People's Republic 1945–1952
- Polyperchon 318–316 BCE
- Pomerania 1139–1187
- Pontianak Kadriyah Sultanate 1772–1827
- Portugal since 1976
- Portuguese Africa 1507–1581
- Portuguese Colonies 1564–1910
- Portuguese Empire 1502–1910
- Portuguese Empire 1502–1823
- Portuguese Republic 1911–1925
- Porus's kingdom (Pauravas) 330–316 BCE
- Poverty Point culture 1700–1100 BCE
- Pre-Aksumite and Proto-Aksumite (Dʿmt) 800–50 BCE
- Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 10,000–8800 BCE
- Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 8800–6500 BCE
- Preclassic Maya 1000–250 BCE
- Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg 1328–1802
- Prince-Bishopric of Liège 985–1795
- Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro 1697–1852
- Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht (Nedersticht) 1024–1528
- Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht (Oversticht) 1024–1528
- Principality of Abkhazia 1468–1829
- Principality of Achaea 1206–1439
- Principality of Albania (Thopia) 1368–1392
- Principality of Andorra since 1815
- Principality of Ansbach 1486–1791
- Principality of Antioch 1099–1267
- Principality of Arbanon 1190–1215
- Principality of Bayreuth 1486–1791
- Principality of Beloozero 1294–1343
- Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 1269–1806
- Principality of Bulgaria 1880–1907
- Principality of Calenberg 1495–1708
- Principality of Capua 840–1065
- Principality of Chernigov 1056–1240
- Principality of Drutsk 1111–1249
- Principality of Galicia-Volhynia 1202–1240
- Principality of Guria 1468–1829
- Principality of Halych 1147–1201
- Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 1806–1852
- Principality of Hungary 900–999
- Principality of Iberia 682–740
- Principality of Jersika 1111–1215
- Principality of Kiev 1056–1240
- Principality of Koknese 1111–1209
- Principality of Lichtenberg 1820–1827
- Principality of Liechtenstein since 1721
- Principality of Lippe 1806–1870
- Principality of Lüneburg 1269–1705
- Principality of Mingrelia 1468–1810
- Principality of Minsk 1111–1313
- Principality of Moldavia 1363–1858
- Principality of Monaco since 1642
- Principality of Nitra 814–839
- Principality of Orange 1260–1571
- Principality of Peremyshl 1056–1146
- Principality of Pereyaslavl 1056–1240
- Principality of Pinsk 1294–1325
- Principality of Polotsky 1056–1249
- Principality of Regensberg 1806–1813
- Principality of Reuss-Gera 1806–1870
- Principality of Rostov-Suzdal 1056–1240
- Principality of Ryazan 1094–1240
- Principality of Salerno 840–1084
- Principality of Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen 1820–1870
- Principality of Serbia 768–1879
- Principality of Smolensk 1056–1406
- Principality of Svaneti 1721–1833
- Principality of Terebovlia 1085–1146
- Principality of Theodoro 1333–1474
- Principality of Tmutarakan 988–1094
- Principality of Transylvania 1572–1695
- Principality of Turov 1294–1325
- Principality of Turov and Pinsk 1188–1240
- Principality of Upper Hungary 1683–1686
- Principality of Valona 1333–1374
- Principality of Valona and Kanina 1395–1421
- Principality of Vitebsk 1111–1187
- Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal 1294–1486
- Principality of Volhynia 1056–1201
- Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont 1806–1870
- Principality of Wallachia 1314–1858
- Pro-Habsburg Spain 1702–1708
- Pro-Swedish Poland 1706–1712
- Prome Kingdom 1482–1546
- Protectorate of the Western Regions 117–601
- Provisional Government of Hawaii 1893
- Provisional Priamurye Government 1922–1923
- Pskov Republic 1285–1509
- Ptolemaic Kingdom 307–30 BCE
- Pudukkottai 1858–1947
- Puebloans - Aztec Regional System 1152–1304
- Puebloans - Chaco Regional System 850–1151
- Punjab hill states: Chamba 1858–1947
- Punjab hill states: Mandi, Suket, Bilaspur, Sirmur, Nalagarh 1858–1947
- Punjab states: Faridkot 1858–1947
- Punjab states: Jind 1858–1947
- Punjab states: Jind (Dadri) 1858–1947
- Punjab states: Kapurthala 1858–1947
- Pyu City-States 84–1045
Q
- Qabacha's sultanate (Multan and Uch) 1206–1228
- Qajar Dynasty 1788–1925
- Qara Qoyunlu 1375–1467
- Qarlugs 793–849
- Qarmatians 899–1071
- Qasim Khanate 1453–1551
- Qasimids 1636–1802
- Qataban 350 BCE – 183 CE
- Qatar 1913–1915
- Qatar Dynasty 1820–1904
- Qi 750–204 BCE
- Qi Kingdom 911–925
- Qin 750–219 BCE
- Qin Dynasty 221–207 BCE
- Qing Dynasty 1636–1911
- Qocho Kingdom 860–1138
- Quba Khanate 1747–1806
- Qutlugh-Khanids 1222–1307
R
- Rai kingdom of Sindh 489–631
- Rajahnate of Cebu 1497–1565
- Rajputana Agency (other states): Alwar, Bharatpur, Dholpur, Karauli, Bundi, Tonk 1858–1947
- Rajputana Agency (other states): detached tracts near Pirawa and Gangdhar 1858–1947
- Rajputana Agency (other states): Dungarpur, Banswara, Partabgarh 1858–1947
- Rajputana Agency (other states): Kishangarh 1858–1947
- Rajputana Agency (other states): Sirohi 1858–1947
- Rajputana Agency (other states): Tonk (Chhabra) 1858–1947
- Rajputana Agency (other states): Tonk (Sironj) 1858–1947
- Ramadanid Emirate 1385–1515
- Rashidun Caliphate 633–661
- Rashtrakuta Dynasty 755–989
- Rasulid Dynasty 1236–1458
- Ratanpur (Haihaya kingdom of Chhattisgarh) 1550–1740
- Rattanakosin Kingdom 1783–1931
- Rawadid dynasty 984–1071
- Recherla Nayakas (Velamas) 1368–1432
- Reddi kingdom 1325–1423
- Reddi kingdom of Rajahmundry 1424–1447
- Regency of Algiers 1706–1830
- Regional emirates 1005–1259
- Republic of Afghanistan 1973–1978
- Republic of Albania since 1991
- Republic of Amalfi 960–1033
- Republic of Armenia since 1992
- Republic of Austria 1919–1937
- Republic of Azerbaijan since 1992
- Republic of Baden 1849–1852
- Republic of Baja California 1853–1854
- Republic of Belarus since 1992
- Republic of Benin since 1961
- Republic of Botswana since 1967
- Republic of Brazil since 1987
- Republic of Bulgaria since 1991
- Republic of Burundi since 1963
- Republic of Cabo Verde since 1976
- Republic of Cameroon since 1960
- Republic of Chad since 1961
- Republic of Chile since 1812
- Republic of China since 1912
- Republic of Colombia since 1886
- Republic of Costa Rica since 1840
- Republic of Côte d'Ivoire since 1961
- Republic of Croatia since 1992
- Republic of Cuba 1905–1959
- Republic of Cyprus since 1960
- Republic of Djibouti since 1977
- Republic of Ecuador since 1834
- Republic of Egypt 1953–1957
- Republic of El Salvador since 1840
- Republic of Estonia since 1992
- Republic of Fiji since 1971
- Republic of Finland since 1918
- Republic of Florence 1260–1737
- Republic of Genoa 1010–1795
- Republic of Guinea-Bissau since 1973
- Republic of Haiti since 1821
- Republic of Hawai'i 1894–1897
- Republic of Iceland since 1946
- Republic of India since 1947
- Republic of Indonesia since 1946
- Republic of Iraq since 1992
- Republic of Italy since 1946
- Republic of Kenya since 1963
- Republic of Korea since 1948
- Republic of Latvia since 1920
- Republic of Liberia since 1848
- Republic of Lithuania since 1919
- Republic of Lucca 1160–1799
- Republic of Mali since 1961
- Republic of Moldova since 1992
- Republic of New Granada 1834–1858
- Republic of Nicaragua since 1840
- Republic of Panama since 1905
- Republic of Peru since 1822
- Republic of Pisa 1010–1401
- Republic of Poland since 1953
- Republic of Ragusa 1385–1808
- Republic of Rwanda since 1963
- Republic of San Marino since 1631
- Republic of Senegal since 1961
- Republic of Serbia since 2006
- Republic of Siena 1200–1555
- Republic of Singapore since 1965
- Republic of Slovenia since 1992
- Republic of Sudan since 1956
- Republic of Suriname since 1976
- Republic of Syria 1961–1962
- Republic of Tajikistan since 1992
- Republic of Texas 1836–1845
- Republic of the Congo since 1961
- Republic of The Gambia since 1965
- Republic of the Niger since 1961
- Republic of the Philippines since 1947
- Republic of the Rif 1922–1925
- Republic of the Rio Grande 1840
- Republic of Trinidad and Tobago since 1963
- Republic of Tunisia since 1956
- Republic of Turkey since 1924
- Republic of Uganda since 1963
- Republic of Uryankhay 1912–1913
- Republic of Uzbekistan since 1992
- Republic of Venezuela 1811–1814
- Republic of Venice 705–1796
- Republic of Vietnam 1956–1975
- Republic of Yemen since 1990
- Republic of Zimbabwe since 1981
- Republics of the Soviet Union 1920–1921
- Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1741–1756
- Restored Toungoo Kingdom 1600–1751
- Revolt of the Three Feudatories 1673–1682
- Revolutionary Roman Republic 1799
- Revolutionary Serbia 1805–1813
- Rewa 1858–1947
- Rhodes 188–165 BCE
- Rhodesia 1967–1978
- Riau-Lingga Sultanate 1820–1856
- Río de la Plata 1811–1833
- Riograndense Republic 1836–1845
- Ripuarian Franks 238–509
- Rohilkhand (Rohilla state) 1748–1774
- Roman Empire 31 BCE – 394 CE
- Roman Kingdom 750–510 BCE
- Roman Republic 509–32 BCE
- Romania since 1990
- Rouran Khaganate 402–554
- Rozvi Empire 1684–1834
- Ruanda-Urundi 1960–1962
- Rugiland 455–489
- Rus' 880–881
- Russia (Civil War) 1918–1919
- Russian Empire 1721–1916
- Russian Federation since 1992
- Russian Federation since 1992
- Russian Republic 1917
- Rustamid dynasty 778–910
- Ryazan 1453–1520
- Ryukyu Kingdom 1429–1520
S
- Sa Huỳnh culture 1000 BCE – 200 CE
- Saadi Sultanate 1556–1659
- Saar Protectorate 1947–1956
- Sabaeans 800 BCE – 282 CE
- Sacred Band of Thebes 366–351 BCE
- Safavid Dynasty 1502–1737
- Saffarid Dynasty 860–899
- Sagaing Kingdom 1326–1374
- Sai 206–204 BCE
- Saint Kitts and Nevis since 1983
- Saint Lucia since 1979
- Saint Vincent 1979–1991
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines since 1992
- Sajid Dynasty 898–935
- Salamis 600–312 BCE
- Salamis (Tamassos) 332–312 BCE
- Salghurids 1148–1282
- Salian Franks 358–509
- Sallarid dynasty 941–983
- Saloum 1520–1891
- Saltukids 1081–1202
- Samanid Empire 886–999
- Samarra culture 5500–4800 BCE
- Sambuvaraya chiefdom (Tondaimandalam) 1337–1362
- Samo's Empire 623–660
- Samoa since 1962
- Samorian State (Wassoulou Empire) 1878–1898
- Samtskhe-Saatabago 1468–1506
- Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1272–1520
- Sanxingdui culture 1700–1150 BCE
- São Tomé and Príncipe since 1976
- Saraikela and Kharsawan (Chota Nagpur states) 1858–1947
- Sarbadars 1344–1394
- Sasanian Armenia 429–646
- Sasanian Empire 215–643
- Sasanian Yemen 571–601
- Satara State (Bhonsle rump) 1818–1848
- Satavahana Dynasty 225 BCE – 223 CE
- Saxe-Altenburg 1806–1870
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1836–1839
- Saxe-Meiningen 1820–1870
- Saxons 283–799
- Sayyid Dynasty 1415–1452
- Scandinavian minor kingdoms 500–1002
- Scythia 650–224 BCE
- Second Athenian League 366–338 BCE
- Second Bulgarian Empire 1188–1394
- Second French Empire 1853–1870
- Second French Empire 1853–1870
- Second Hellenic Republic 1924–1935
- Second Mexican Empire 1865–1867
- Second Polish Republic 1919–1939
- Second Republic of Austria since 1946
- Second Spanish Republic 1932–1938
- Second Syrian Republic 1946–1957
- Second Turkic Khaganate 692–744
- Seleucid Empire 318–64 BCE
- Seljuk Dynasty 990–1039
- Sena Dynasty 1072–1230
- Septinsular Republic 1800–1819
- Serbia 1918
- Serbia-Montenegro 1992–2005
- Serbian Despotate 1402–1458
- Serbian Despots 1375–1421
- Serbian Empire 1352–1371
- Sesklo culture (early farmers of Greece) 7000–4400 BCE
- Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt 1600–1501 BCE
- Seychelles since 1976
- Shaddadids 951–1075
- Shailodbhava kingdom (Kongoda) 620–775
- Shaki Khanate 1743–1805
- Shan States 1294–1563
- Shang Dynasty 1600–1046 BCE
- Shangshan culture 9400–6600 BCE
- Sharabhapuriya kingdom (Dakshina Kosala) 555–590
- Shaybanids 1497–1511
- Shilluk Kingdom 1490–1861
- Shirvan 825–1539
- Shirvan Khanate 1748–1805
- Shu Han 221–262
- Shulaveri–Shomu culture 6000–5000 BCE
- Shunga Empire 184–67 BCE
- Shunten Dynasty 1188–1313
- Sierra Leone since 1961
- Signoria of Milan 1259–1394
- Sikh Confederacy 1762–1806
- Sikh Empire 1799–1848
- Sikhs 1709–1717
- Sikkim 1861–1948
- Silla 378–681
- Sind-Habbari Dynasty 860–1026
- Sind-Samma Dynasty 1344–1525
- Singhasari 1227–1293
- Sintashta culture 2100–1800 BCE
- Sirohi State 1352–1571
- Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt 1600–1501 BCE
- Sloboda Ukraine 1670–1768
- Slovak Republic 1939–1945
- Slovakia since 1993
- Small Horde 1564–1737
- Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 1946–1991
- Socialist Republic of Romania 1948–1989
- Socialist Republic of Vietnam since 1976
- Sokoto Caliphate 1805–1904
- Soli 600–312 BCE
- Solomon Islands since 1979
- Somaliland since 1992
- Somavamshi kingdom 882–1110
- Sonargaon Sultanate 1338–1351
- Song 750–285 BCE
- Songhai Empire 1463–1591
- Soomra Dynasty 1027–1201
- Soomra dynasty (Lower Sindh) 1026–1343
- Sosso Empire 1202–1235
- South Africa since 1932
- South African Republic 1856–1899
- South Sudan since 2011
- Southern Chu 911–959
- Southern Han 911–979
- Southern Liang 397–413
- Southern Ming 1645–1658
- Southern Neolithic (Ashmound tradition) 3200–1200 BCE
- Southern Qi 480–501
- Southern Song 1127–1278
- Southern Tang 960–979
- Southern Wu 911–959
- Southern Xiongnu 51–105
- Southern Yan 402–409
- Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands 1814
- Soviet zone 1945–1949
- Spanish Empire 1516–1879
- Spanish Empire 1516–1931
- Spanish Nationalists 1936–1938
- Spring and Autumn States 750–481 BCE
- Sri Lanka since 1948
- Srivijaya 674–1293
- Starčevo culture 6200–4500 BCE
- State of Buenos Aires 1853–1860
- State of Cambodia 1989–1991
- State of Eritrea since 1993
- State of Israel since 1948
- State of Kuwait 1961–1989
- State of Libya since 1992
- State of Qatar since 1972
- Strathclyde 644–1033
- Sui Dynasty 581–618
- Sukhothai Kingdom 1241–1438
- Sulayhid Dynasty 1056–1065
- Sulayhid dynasty 1047–1138
- Sultan of Yogyakarta 1755–1829
- Sultanate of Aceh 1516–1903
- Sultanate of Agadez 1405–1899
- Sultanate of Aussa 1734–1895
- Sultanate of Banjar 1526–1859
- Sultanate of Banten 1529–1808
- Sultanate of Bengal 1344–1533
- Sultanate of Bima 1626–1889
- Sultanate of Bone 1512–1858
- Sultanate of Brunei since 1363
- Sultanate of Cirebon 1482–1676
- Sultanate of Damagaram 1731–1899
- Sultanate of Darfur 1609–1876
- Sultanate of Gowa 1512–1669
- Sultanate of Harar 1547–1578
- Sultanate of Hobyo 1880–1894
- Sultanate of Jambi 1670–1904
- Sultanate of Johor 1512–1884
- Sultanate of Kedah 1139–1909
- Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara 1734–1845
- Sultanate of Lahej 1728–1838
- Sultanate of Lakhnauti (Ilyas Shah) 1339–1351
- Sultanate of Maguindanao 1521–1852
- Sultanate of Malacca 1459–1511
- Sultanate of Mempawah 1619–1827
- Sultanate of Mogadishu 1250–1499
- Sultanate of Muscat and Oman 1900–1969
- Sultanate of Oman since 1744
- Sultanate of Palembang 1459–1821
- Sultanate of Perak 1529–1876
- Sultanate of Rum 1094–1313
- Sultanate of Sambaliung 1830–1848
- Sultanate of Sambas 1619–1821
- Sultanate of Selangor 1744–1876
- Sultanate of Shewa 900–1284
- Sultanate of Sukadana 1619–1833
- Sultanate of Sulu 1459–1879
- Sultanate of Terengganu 1727–1904
- Sultanate of Tuggurt 1414–1854
- Sultanate of Zanzibar 1963
- Sumerian City-States 3400–1761 BCE
- Sunda Kingdom 674–1578
- Sur Empire 1540–1557
- Surakarta Sunanate 1755–1829
- Surguja 1858–1947
- Surinam (Dutch colony) 1820–1975
- Swaziland 1885–1907
- Swedish Empire 1612–1721
- Swiss Confederation since 1294
- Swiss Confederation (Act of Mediation) 1803–1814
- Syria since 1973
T
- Tabal Kingdom 900–701 BCE
- Taebong 911–917
- Tagadur under Chera suzerainty 190–300
- Tahirid Sultanate 1459–1515
- Taifa of Albarracín 1015–1110
- Taifa of Algeciras 1028–1168
- Taifa of Almería 1015–1249
- Taifa of Alpuente 1010–1110
- Taifa of Arcos 1015–1071
- Taifa of Badajoz 1010–1151
- Taifa of Carmona 1015–1151
- Taifa of Ceuta 1066–1084
- Taifa of Córdoba 1147–1249
- Taifa of Dénia 1010–1249
- Taifa of Granada 1015–1093
- Taifa of Majorca 1076–1115
- Taifa of Majorca (Banu Ghaniya) 1147–1203
- Taifa of Málaga (Hammudid) 1026–1057
- Taifa of Menorca 1228–1287
- Taifa of Morón 1015–1065
- Taifa of Murcia 1015–1249
- Taifa of Niebla 1015–1249
- Taifa of Ronda 1040–1065
- Taifa of Saltés and Huelva 1015–1151
- Taifa of Santa Maria do Algarve 1018–1055
- Taifa of Seville 1028–1093
- Taifa of Silves 1040–1168
- Taifa of Tejada 1147–1151
- Taifa of Toledo 1010–1093
- Taifa of Tortosa 1010–1110
- Taifa of Valencia 1010–1238
- Taifa of Zaragoza 1015–1110
- Taifas of Iberia 1010–1249
- Taiping Heavenly Kingdom 1853–1864
- Takrur 1040–1235
- Talpur Dynasty 1820–1894
- Talysh Khanate 1747–1813
- Tamassos 600–345 BCE
- Tamna 263–1278
- Tang Dynasty 623–907
- Tangier International Zone 1912–1957
- Tanzania since 1961
- Tarumanagara 367–673
- Tây Sơn dynasty 1775–1802
- Tehri Garhwal 1815–1947
- Teng 750–451 BCE
- Tenochtitlan 1326–1428
- Teotihuacan 50 BCE – 704 CE
- Teutonic Order 1236–1525
- Texcoco 1202–1428
- Thanjavur Maratha Kingdom 1677–1799
- Thebans 350–338 BCE
- Thessaly 1272–1332
- Third Hellenic Republic since 1976
- Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 383–343 BCE
- Thonburi Kingdom 1769–1782
- Thracian Kingdom 87 BCE – 50 CE
- Thuringian states 469–475
- Tibet 1363–1952
- Tibetan Empire 623–842
- Tibetans 850–1259
- Tichitt tradition 2200–200 BCE
- Timurid Empire 1375–1525
- Tiwanaku (early) 100–500
- Togo since 1960
- Tokugawa Shogunate 1600–1869
- Toltec 875–1187
- Tomaras of Delhi 1044–1151
- Tomaras of Gwalior 1394–1518
- Tondai Nadu (Kanchi and the Tiraiyar) 300 BCE – 282 CE
- Tondo 1375–1571
- Tonga since 1970
- Toucouleur Empire 1855–1890
- Travancore 1858–1947
- Travancore under Marthanda Varma 1729–1752
- Triarchy of Negroponte 1205–1389
- Trịnh lords 1572–1787
- Tripura (Twipra Kingdom) 1550–1857
- Trucial States 1820–1894
- Trưng sisters 43
- Tsardom of Russia 1547–1720
- Tughlaq Dynasty 1326–1414
- Tulunids 875–910
- Tümed 1547–1699
- Türgesh 699–749
- Turk Shahis 561–874
- Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus since 1976
- Turkmenistan since 1992
- Turks 666–756
- Tuvalu since 1978
- Tuyuhun 287–665
- Tver 1294–1486
- Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 1076–944 BCE
- Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 943–701 BCE
- Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 650–525 BCE
- Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 800–701 BCE
- Twipra (Tripura) kingdom 1400–1550
- Tyrconnell (Tír Chonaill) 1200–1607
U
- Ubaid culture 6500–3800 BCE
- Udaipur (Mewar) 1858–1947
- Ugarit 1400–1185 BCE
- Ukraine since 1992
- Ukrainian People's Republic 1919
- Umayyad Caliphate 656–750
- Umm an-Nar culture (Magan) 2600–2000 BCE
- Únětice culture 2300–1600 BCE
- Unified Silla 682–935
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1922–1991
- Union of Utrecht 1579–1581
- Unitary State of Brazil 1932–1945
- United Arab Emirates since 1972
- United Arab Republic 1958–1972
- United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg 1521–1609
- United Kingdom since 1801
- United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway 1815–1904
- United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1880
- United Provinces of Central America 1824–1839
- United States of America since 1776
- United States of Colombia 1863–1885
- Upper Burgundy 887–959
- Upper Burgundy and Italy 922–925
- Upper Egypt 2200–2001 BCE
- Uqaylid dynasty 990–1096
- Urnfield culture 1300–750 BCE
- Uruk culture 4000–3100 BCE
- Utpala Dynasty 960–1002
- Uyghur Khaganate 750–849
- Uyunid Emirate 1072–1235
V
- Vaghela dynasty (Gujarat) 1244–1304
- Vakataka Kingdom 260–510
- Valdivia culture 3800–1500 BCE
- Vandal Kingdom 439–533
- Vandals 337–438
- Vanuatu since 1983
- Varna culture 4550–4100 BCE
- Vassalage of Electorate of Brandenburg to Holy Roman Empire 1422–1458
- Vassalage of Jaffna kingdom to Vijayanagara Empire 1385–1501
- Vassalage of Kingdom of Bohemia to Holy Roman Empire 1202–1452
- Vassalage of Kingdom of Georgia to Timurid Empire 1395–1406
- Vassalage of Qara Qoyunlu to Timurid Empire 1407–1467
- Vassalage of Western Xia to Great Jin 1126–1226
- Vatican City since 1929
- Venad (early Travancore) 1550–1728
- Venad (Kingdom of Quilon) 1124–1550
- Venezuela since 1834
- Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador 1830–1831
- Vermont Republic 1783–1790
- Vichy France 1940–1944
- Vichy France 1940–1943
- Vientiane 1709–1827
- Vijayanagara Empire 1344–1571
- Vijayanagara Empire (Aravidu dynasty, Chandragiri and Vellore) 1615–1646
- Vijayanagara Empire (Aravidu dynasty, Penukonda and Chandragiri) 1572–1614
- Viking settlements 793–1332
- Vinča culture 5400–4500 BCE
- Vishnukundina kingdom 420–623
- Visigothic Kingdom 426–723
- Visigoths 396–425
- Volga Bulgaria 674–1235
W
- Waalo 1550–1855
- Wadai Empire 1636–1910
- Warring States China 480–219 BCE
- Warring States Japan 1468–1601
- Warsangali Sultanate 1613–1886
- Water Chenla 718–805
- Wattasid dynasty 1468–1555
- Wei 208–204 BCE
- Weimar Republic 1919–1933
- West Berlin 1949–1990
- West Franks 850–989
- Western Chalukya Empire 980–1187
- Western Chu 208–203 BCE
- Western Ganga kingdom (Gangavadi) 350–999
- Western Göktürks 587–660
- Western Jin 265–316
- Western Karakhanid Khanate 1046–1084
- Western Kushans 238–259
- Western Liang 407–409
- Western Moghulistan 1519–1635
- Western Qin 387–438
- Western Roman Empire 395–475
- Western Sahara since 1992
- Western Satraps 43–489
- Western Wei 534–556
- Western Xia 990–1226
- Western Yan 387–393
- Wey 750–248 BCE
- White Horde 1363–1379
- White Huns 410–560
- Wihtgar 523–691
- Wu 750–451 BCE
- Wusun 170 BCE – 450 CE
- Wuyue 911–979
X
Y
- Yadava Dynasty 1188–1317
- Yamhad 1810–1600 BCE
- Yamnaya culture 3300–2600 BCE
- Yan 750–204 BCE
- Yan Kingdom 911–921
- Yangshao culture 5000–3000 BCE
- Yarmukian culture 6400–6000 BCE
- Yarubid dynasty 1626–1743
- Yatenga 1540–1895
- Yaudheya Republic 306–377
- Yayoi culture 900 BCE – 250 CE
- Yaz culture 1500–550 BCE
- Yenisei Kyrgyz 555–1219
- Yin 206–204 BCE
- Yong 206–204 BCE
- Yuan Dynasty 1294–1368
- Yue 500–334 BCE
- Yuezhi 404 BCE – 42 CE
- Yugoslav Partisans 1944
- Yugoslavia 1919–1945
Z
- Zagwe dynasty 947–1271
- Zaire 1972–1996
- Zambia since 1965
- Zand Dynasty 1748–1793
- Zaporozhian Cossacks 1662–1774
- Zapotec Civilization 500 BCE – 895 CE
- Zaydi Alid dynasties 866–935
- Zayyanid dynasty 1236–1555
- Zazzau 1450–1804
- Zengid dynasty 1139–1259
- Zeta under the Balšići 1371–1421
- Zeta under the Crnojevići 1451–1496
- Zhai 208–204 BCE
- Zhangzhung 500 BCE – 644 CE
- Zhao 404–223 BCE
- Zheng 750–367 BCE
- Zhou Dynasty 1000–751 BCE
- Zhu 750–405 BCE
- Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1979–1980
- Zirid dynasty 1056–1151
- Ziyadid dynasty 866–1018
- Ziyarid dynasty 936–979
- Zululand 1820–1886
- Zurayid dynasty 1085–1176